Complete chloroplast genome of the medicinal plant Evolvulus alsinoides: comparative analysis,identification of mutational hotspots and evolutionary dynamics with species of Solanales

Evolvulus alsinoides, belonging to the family Convolvulaceae, is an important medicinal plant widely used as a nootropic in the Indian traditional medicine system. In the genus Evolvulus, no research on the chloroplast genome has been published. Hence, the present study focuses on annotation, characterization, identification of mutational hotspots, and phylogenetic analysis in the complete chloroplast genome (cp) of E. alsinoides. Genome comparison and evolutionary dynamics were performed with the species of Solanales. The cp genome has 114 genes (80 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA, and 4 ribosomal RNA genes) that were unique with total genome size of 157,015 bp. The cp genome possesses 69 RNA editing sites and 44 simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Predicted SSRs were randomly selected and validated experimentally. Six divergent hotspots such as trnQ-UUG, trnF-GAA, psaI, clpP, ndhF, and ycf1 were discovered from the cp genome. These microsatellites and divergent hot spot sequences of the Taxa ‘Evolvulus’ could be employed as molecular markers for species identification and genetic divergence investigations. The LSC area was found to be more conserved than the SSC and IR region in genome comparison. The IR contraction and expansion studies show that nine genes rpl2, rpl23, ycf1, ycf2, ycf1, ndhF, ndhA, matK, and psbK were present in the IR-LSC and IR-SSC boundaries of the cp genome. Fifty-four protein-coding genes in the cp genome were under negative selection pressure, indicating that they were well conserved and were undergoing purifying selection. The phylogenetic analysis reveals that E. alsinoides is closely related to the genus Cressa with some divergence from the genus Ipomoea. This is the first time the chloroplast genome of the genus Evolvulus has been published. The findings of the present study and chloroplast genome data could be a valuable resource for future studies in population genetics, genetic diversity, and evolutionary relationship of the family Convolvulaceae.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01051-w.     

细胞代谢过程中的酶促糖基化及其功能

细胞代谢过程中多样的生化修饰反应能够精细调控细胞的活力与功能。其中,酶促糖基化是细胞代谢调控过程中普遍存在的一种分子修饰,对维持和调节细胞功能具有重要影响。糖基转移酶通过将糖基供体的糖基转移至相应的受体分子来实现糖基化修饰。受体分子经过糖基化修饰会改变其在细胞内的稳定性、溶解性和区域定位等特性,并在调节细胞周期、信号转导、蛋白质表达调控、应答反应和清除细胞异物等诸多生物过程中起着重要作用。简要介绍了细胞代谢过程中糖基转移酶超家族的分类、命名和催化机制。重点阐述细胞中蛋白质类生物大分子和小分子化合物的糖基化反应及其在细胞代谢过程中的功能。展望了细胞中糖基化反应及糖基转移酶在人类健康、医药产品、工业催化、食品和农业等领域的应用前景。     

我国桔梗上一种新病害匍柄霉叶斑病的病原

2013年在内蒙古赤峰市喀喇沁旗发现桔梗匍柄霉叶斑病,该病害在2014-2017年均再次发生。采用单孢分离法在病叶上得到病原菌,于PCA培养基上培养后,在光学显微镜下观察记录病原菌形态学特征。同时将病原菌的rDNA ITS、gpd和EF-1α的PCR产物测序后做BLAST分析。结果表明该菌与桔梗匍柄霉Stemphylium platycodontis基本一致。这是国内桔梗匍柄霉叶斑病的首次详细报道。     

利用PCR方法鉴定hiTAIL-PCR扩增产物中的质粒骨架片段

T-DNA突变体是研究基因功能的重要资源。高效热不对称交错PCR (hiTAIL-PCR)是克隆突变体中T-DNA插入位点侧翼序列的常用方法。然而我们发现, 利用hiTAIL-PCR克隆到的一些侧翼序列并不对应于宿主的染色体DNA序列, 而是质粒的骨架DNA片段。通过设置1组RB-S4/AC1或者LB-A4/AC1对照反应, 用PCR方法鉴定了hiTAIL-PCR扩增产物中位于T-DNA侧翼的质粒骨架片段。在后续分析中, 通过排除这些片段, 提高了利用hiTAIL-PCR获得宿主染色体DNA片段的效率。同时, 通过调整反应程序, 使得整个PCR的反应时间也大为缩短。在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana) T-DNA突变体drf1侧翼序列的克隆实例中, 对照反应的引入将hiTAIL-PCR中需鉴定的22条扩增产物降至4条, 效率提高了81.8%。     

铁皮石斛DoWRKY6转录因子基因的克隆与分析

目的:植物生长发育由多种转录因子调控,探索WRKY转录因子调控铁皮石斛组织生长发育机理。方法:根据铁皮石斛原球茎转录组数据中的WRKY6序列设计引物,并利用RACE技术克隆该基因;用生信分析软件预测其蛋白结构,并进行系统发育分析;利用实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)技术研究该基因在铁皮石斛幼苗根、茎、叶等组织中的表达。结果:通过RACE技术得到1个1,238bp的Ⅱ类WRKY转录因子基因,命名为DoWRKY6,其ORF长1,017 bp,编码339个氨基酸残基,与梅[PrmuWRKY27(XM_008236601.1)]及大豆[GlmaWRKY27(XM_003555347.3)]有较近的亲缘关系,且DoWRKY6在茎中的相对表达量最大。结论:我们预测在铁皮石斛的生长发育过程中DoWRKY6基因对根、叶、茎的调控作用依次增强,表明DoWRKY6与已发表的铁皮石斛WRKY基因在组织的差异性表达上有较大差别,这对丰富WRKY家族对铁皮石斛的生长发育调控机制提供更多依据。     

微藻生物质成分检测方法评述

不断发展的微藻产业需要统一可信的生物质检测方法体系来评估微藻研究、培养及生产中的各种生物质指标。对目前常用的微藻生物质组成的检测方法进行综述及评估,以期推动微藻产业的生物质分析平台标准化。     

重组中华仓鼠卵巢细胞培养过程控制的研究进展

中华仓鼠卵巢细胞(Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells,CHO)是科研及生产中用于蛋白表达的常用体系。与大肠杆菌相比,CHO获得高表达的细胞株所需时间更长,蛋白产量更低。因此,大规模培养细胞所需的成本较高,培养条件也不易掌握。但该体系产生的蛋白纯度高,因而被广泛用于工业生产中。本文对CHO细胞的培养方式、pH值测定、渗透压、溶氧及培养液成分的选择等多方面条件进行综述,为优化中华仓鼠卵巢细胞培养的策略及具体方法提供理论依据。     

山葡萄种质资源DNA条形码通用序列的筛选

对山葡萄(Vitis amurensis)种质资源样品的ITS、ITS2、psb A-trn H、rbc L和mat K序列进行PCR扩增及测序,优化PCR反应的退火温度,比较各序列的扩增效率、测序成功率、品种间和品种内的差异及barcoding gap图,使用BLAST和NJ树法比较不同序列的鉴定能力,最终从5条DNA片段中筛选出可用于山葡萄种质资源鉴定的DNA条形码通用序列。结果表明,在采集的11份33个山葡萄样品中,psb A-trn H和ITS2序列的扩增与测序成功率较高,其品种间、品种内差异及barcoding gap较ITS、rbc L和mat K序列具有明显的优势,且ITS2序列能够鉴别psb A-trn H序列无法鉴别的品种。实验证明,ITS2和psb A-trn H序列是较适合鉴别山葡萄资源的DNA条形码序列组合。DNA条形码弥补了形态学鉴定的不足,可为山葡萄种质资源的准确鉴定提供科学依据。     

Population genetic inferences using immune gene SNPs mirror patterns inferred by microsatellites

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are replacing microsatellites for population genetic analyses, but it is not apparent how many SNPs are needed or how well SNPs correlate with microsatellites. We used data from the gopher tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus—a species with small populations, to compare SNPs and microsatellites to estimate population genetic parameters. Specifically, we compared one SNP data set (16 tortoises from four populations sequenced at 17 901 SNPs) to two microsatellite data sets, a full data set of 101 tortoises and a partial data set of 16 tortoises previously genotyped at 10 microsatellites. For the full microsatellite data set, observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity and F_ST were correlated between SNPs and microsatellites; however, allelic richness was not. The same was true for the partial microsatellite data set, except that allelic richness, but not observed heterozygosity, was correlated. The number of clusters estimated by structure differed for each data set (SNPs = 2; partial microsatellite = 3; full microsatellite = 4). Principle component analyses (PCA) showed four clusters for all data sets. More than 800 SNPs were needed to correlate with allelic richness, observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity, but only 100 were needed for F_ST. The number of SNPs typically obtained from next‐generation sequencing (NGS) far exceeds the number needed to correlate with microsatellite parameter estimates. Our study illustrates that diversity, F_ST and PCA results from microsatellites can mirror those obtained with SNPs. These results may be generally applicable to small populations, a defining feature of endangered and threatened species, because theory predicts that genetic drift will tend to outweigh selection in small populations.     

Kinetic analysis of nanoparticle‐protein interactions using a plasmon waveguide resonance

A plasmon waveguide resonance (PWR) sensor is proposed for studying the interaction between gold nanoparticles and proteins. The ability of the PWR sensor to operate in both TM and TE Polarizations, i.e. its polarization diversity, facilitates the simultaneous spectroscopy of the nanoparticles surface reactions using both polarizations. The response of each polarization to streptavidin‐biotin binding at the surface of gold nanoparticles is investigated in real time. Finally, using the principles of multimode spectroscopy, the nanoparticle's surface reactions are decoupled from the bulk solution refractive index variations.

Schematic diagram of the NP‐modified PWR sensor